1. Protection
( 1) Determine the appropriate degree of protection based on the toxicity of the explosive burning solids and the defined hazardous area;
( 2) Determine the classification of protection level, see Table 1-1;
( 3) Determine the protection standards, see Table 1-2.
Table 1-1 Classification of protection levels
Table 1-2 Protection standards
2 . Inquiry
(1) The situation of trapped persons;
(2) burning matter, time, location, form, fire range;
(3) Peripheral units, residents, terrain, power supply, etc.;
(4) Fire protection organization, water source and facilities of the unit;
(5) Process measures and opinions of the personnel present at the scene.
3 . reconnaissance
(1) searching for trapped people;
(2) Determine the burning substance, the scope, the direction of the spread, the stage of the fire, and the degree of threat to the neighbor;
(3) Confirming the dangers of facilities and buildings (structures);
(4) Confirm the operation of fire protection facilities;
(5) Determine the offensive and defensive routes and positions;
(6) On-site and surrounding pollution.
4. Alert
(1) Determine the warning area according to the inquiry and the situation of reconnaissance;
(2) Divide the warning area into heavy-risk areas, medium-risk areas, light-risk areas and safe areas, and set warning signs to set up isolation zones in the safe areas;
(3) Strictly control the entry and exit of personnel and vehicles in various regions.
5. Lifesaving
(1) Forming a life-saving group and carrying life-saving equipment to enter the scene quickly;
(2) Adopting the correct method of seeking help to move all people in distress to a safe area;
(3) Registration and identification of rescued personnel;
(4) The person in need of treatment will be sent to the medical emergency department for treatment.
6. Risk control
(1) Enable fixed or semi-fixed fire-fighting facilities such as unit foam, dry powder, and carbon dioxide;
(2) Occupy water sources, lay trunk lines, set up positions, and carry out orderly.
7. Transfer
Transfer barrels, boxes, bottles, bags, etc. that are threatened by fire.
8. Fire extinguishing
(1) Sand cover method: use dry sand, cement powder, coal ash, graphite, etc. to cover the fire;
(2) Dry powder suppression method: use a car dry powder gun (gun) or dry powder fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire;
(3) Foam cover method: For items that do not react with water, use foam to cover the fire;
(4) Water attack and sparse combination method: For items that react with water, such as insurance powder fire, generally cannot be directly saved with water, but in a limited space (such as a cargo ship), the solid waste leaks in the barrel stack and causes a fire. When it is difficult to use dry powder, sand and other fire extinguishing agents, you can directly attack the water, extinguish the fire, cool down, evacuate, and accelerate the reaction of the spill until the fire is extinguished.
9. Ambulance
(1) On-site rescue:
1) rescue the distressed person from the danger zone;
2) Pay attention to the protection of the respiratory tract (wearing a gas mask, a mask or a wet towel to cover the mouth and nose) and the skin (wearing protective clothing);
3) For comatose, artificial respiration and extracorporeal cardiac compression should be performed immediately, cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures should be taken, and oxygen should be delivered;
4) Remove contaminated clothing; skin and eye pollution should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water; compounds that easily damage respiratory mucosa should pay attention to whether the airway is unobstructed to prevent suffocation or obstruction; those who are digestive tract should immediately induce vomiting.
(2) symptomatic treatment;
(3) Severe cases are sent to the hospital for observation and treatment.
10. Washing
(1) Set up a decontamination station at the junction of the dangerous zone and the safe zone;
(2) Objects of decontamination:
i. Persons with mild poisoning;
Ii. Severe poisoned personnel before being sent to hospital for treatment;
Iii. On-site medical staff;
Iv. Firefighting and other rescue personnel and mass rescuers;
v. Rescue and poisoning equipment.
(3) using a corresponding decontaminating agent;
11. Clean up
(1) Residues of the fire field, adsorbed with dry sand, cement powder, coal ash, dry powder, etc., collected for technical treatment or dumped to an empty place as appropriate;
(2) Sprinkle neutralization or detergent dipping on the polluted ground, and then clean the site with a large amount of direct current water, especially low-lying, ditches, etc., to ensure that no debris remains;
(3) Inventory personnel, vehicles and equipment;
(4) Remove the warning, make the handover, and evacuate safely.
12. Warning
(1) The driving route, parking position and combat position must be correctly selected when entering the site;
(2) Fires of items that are leaking and reacting with water shall not be used for water or foam;
(3) For the fire of powder items, direct use of direct current water shall be used to extinguish the fire;
(4) Pay attention to the change of wind direction and adjust the deployment in time;
(5) Discreetly release disasters and related news.
( 1) Determine the appropriate degree of protection based on the toxicity of the explosive burning solids and the defined hazardous area;
( 2) Determine the classification of protection level, see Table 1-1;
( 3) Determine the protection standards, see Table 1-2.
Table 1-1 Classification of protection levels
| Danger zone toxicity | Severe danger zone | Moderately dangerous area | Mild danger zone |
| Very toxic | First level | First level | Secondary |
| High toxicity | First level | First level | Secondary |
| Poisoning | First level | Secondary | Secondary |
| Low toxicity | Secondary | Third level | Third level |
| Microtoxic | Secondary | Third level | Third level |
| level | form | Chemical protective clothing | protective suit | Protective mask |
| First level | whole body | Built-in heavy duty fireproof clothing | Cotton anti-static inner and outer clothes | Positive pressure air breathing apparatus or full anti-virus canister |
| Secondary | whole body | Insulation suit | Cotton anti-static inner and outer clothes | Positive pressure air breathing apparatus or full anti-virus canister |
| Third level | Breathe | Battle suit | Simple filter cans, masks or masks, towels and other protective equipment |
2 . Inquiry
(1) The situation of trapped persons;
(2) burning matter, time, location, form, fire range;
(3) Peripheral units, residents, terrain, power supply, etc.;
(4) Fire protection organization, water source and facilities of the unit;
(5) Process measures and opinions of the personnel present at the scene.
3 . reconnaissance
(1) searching for trapped people;
(2) Determine the burning substance, the scope, the direction of the spread, the stage of the fire, and the degree of threat to the neighbor;
(3) Confirming the dangers of facilities and buildings (structures);
(4) Confirm the operation of fire protection facilities;
(5) Determine the offensive and defensive routes and positions;
(6) On-site and surrounding pollution.
4. Alert
(1) Determine the warning area according to the inquiry and the situation of reconnaissance;
(2) Divide the warning area into heavy-risk areas, medium-risk areas, light-risk areas and safe areas, and set warning signs to set up isolation zones in the safe areas;
(3) Strictly control the entry and exit of personnel and vehicles in various regions.
5. Lifesaving
(1) Forming a life-saving group and carrying life-saving equipment to enter the scene quickly;
(2) Adopting the correct method of seeking help to move all people in distress to a safe area;
(3) Registration and identification of rescued personnel;
(4) The person in need of treatment will be sent to the medical emergency department for treatment.
6. Risk control
(1) Enable fixed or semi-fixed fire-fighting facilities such as unit foam, dry powder, and carbon dioxide;
(2) Occupy water sources, lay trunk lines, set up positions, and carry out orderly.
7. Transfer
Transfer barrels, boxes, bottles, bags, etc. that are threatened by fire.
8. Fire extinguishing
(1) Sand cover method: use dry sand, cement powder, coal ash, graphite, etc. to cover the fire;
(2) Dry powder suppression method: use a car dry powder gun (gun) or dry powder fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire;
(3) Foam cover method: For items that do not react with water, use foam to cover the fire;
(4) Water attack and sparse combination method: For items that react with water, such as insurance powder fire, generally cannot be directly saved with water, but in a limited space (such as a cargo ship), the solid waste leaks in the barrel stack and causes a fire. When it is difficult to use dry powder, sand and other fire extinguishing agents, you can directly attack the water, extinguish the fire, cool down, evacuate, and accelerate the reaction of the spill until the fire is extinguished.
9. Ambulance
(1) On-site rescue:
1) rescue the distressed person from the danger zone;
2) Pay attention to the protection of the respiratory tract (wearing a gas mask, a mask or a wet towel to cover the mouth and nose) and the skin (wearing protective clothing);
3) For comatose, artificial respiration and extracorporeal cardiac compression should be performed immediately, cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures should be taken, and oxygen should be delivered;
4) Remove contaminated clothing; skin and eye pollution should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water; compounds that easily damage respiratory mucosa should pay attention to whether the airway is unobstructed to prevent suffocation or obstruction; those who are digestive tract should immediately induce vomiting.
(2) symptomatic treatment;
(3) Severe cases are sent to the hospital for observation and treatment.
10. Washing
(1) Set up a decontamination station at the junction of the dangerous zone and the safe zone;
(2) Objects of decontamination:
i. Persons with mild poisoning;
Ii. Severe poisoned personnel before being sent to hospital for treatment;
Iii. On-site medical staff;
Iv. Firefighting and other rescue personnel and mass rescuers;
v. Rescue and poisoning equipment.
(3) using a corresponding decontaminating agent;
11. Clean up
(1) Residues of the fire field, adsorbed with dry sand, cement powder, coal ash, dry powder, etc., collected for technical treatment or dumped to an empty place as appropriate;
(2) Sprinkle neutralization or detergent dipping on the polluted ground, and then clean the site with a large amount of direct current water, especially low-lying, ditches, etc., to ensure that no debris remains;
(3) Inventory personnel, vehicles and equipment;
(4) Remove the warning, make the handover, and evacuate safely.
12. Warning
(1) The driving route, parking position and combat position must be correctly selected when entering the site;
(2) Fires of items that are leaking and reacting with water shall not be used for water or foam;
(3) For the fire of powder items, direct use of direct current water shall be used to extinguish the fire;
(4) Pay attention to the change of wind direction and adjust the deployment in time;
(5) Discreetly release disasters and related news.
(Responsible editor Guo Fengqin)
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