Our major apple producing areas of apple orchard soil fertility is generally not high, especially in the northwest Loess Plateau, Bohai Bay area apple orchard barren soil, a serious shortage of organic matter, most apple orchards less than 1%, far from meeting the needs of high-quality apple production . At present, due to the lack of pertinence and scientificity, the apple orchard fertilization has many outstanding problems, such as the following nine aspects.
Before the 1970s , the main application of organic fertilizer in rural areas of China was organic fertilizer. Since the content of certain elements ( such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. ) in organic fertilizers does not adequately meet the needs of crops, the level of production is low. In order to increase crop yield, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer applied in an appropriate amount. According to statistics, at present, the nitrogen that organic fertilizer can provide only accounts for 30% of the nitrogen required by crops . About 70% depends on the supply of chemical fertilizers. Other fertilizer elements such as phosphorus and potassium also show similar conditions. The effect of increasing fertilizer yield is obvious. . For this reason, some fruit farmers have begun to ignore the application of organic fertilizers, and the application rate has been reduced year by year. Even some orchards no longer apply organic fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers alone are used to maintain production, resulting in soil compaction in fruit orchards and degraded fruit quality.
The role of organic fertilizers in fruit tree production is irreplaceable. First, the nutrients are rich and comprehensive, which is not available in any kind of fertilizer ; the second is to improve the soil ; the third is to promote the activities of microorganisms in the soil, accelerate the process of small-scale biological processes in the soil, and benefit the fruit trees. Growth and development ; Fourth, organic fertilizers can produce a large amount of organic acids during the decomposition process, which can make some poorly soluble nutrients into soluble nutrients, thereby improving the utilization of soil nutrients. Therefore, attention must be paid to the application of organic fertilizers to orchards. The application rate of the organic fertilizer is generally required to be applied in the same amount as the fruit tree yield or to be administered in multiples.
Organic fertilizer is a complete fertilizer, but the nutrients are mainly in an organic state, and they must be decomposed and decomposed before they can be absorbed and utilized by apple trees. However, the application of organic fertilizers is often carried out by side-by-side transportation and transportation, such as human and animal excrement and heap. Fertilizer, etc., directly applied without decomposition of decomposing. Is not directly applied to the decomposition of organic fertilizer, not only failed to provide nutrients for the tree absorption, normal growth and development, but also because of decomposition of harmful substances generated by the decomposition process of apple tree root damage, and maturity by decomposition It is difficult to match the fattening time of the apple tree and often cause loss or waste of fertilizer efficiency.
Due to the general lack of organic fertilizers, apple orchard fertilization relies mainly on chemical fertilizers. Most of the organic fertilizers in the park are not enough. The investment of organic fertilizers in a small number of gardens accounts for about 30% of the total investment in fertilizers in the whole year . The good gardens only account for about 50% , and most of the gardens still Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers are the main ones. Fertilizers with high nutrient content, fertilizer fast, etc., but nutrients alone, and does not contain organic matter, fertilizer short-term, long-term use of a single, easy to make soil compaction, soil deterioration. In chemical fertilizers, the use of nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium bicarbonate, etc., excessive nitrogen fertilizer also affects the absorption of calcium and potassium by apple trees, so that the tree is malnourished, the buds are not full, the leaves are large and thin, and the branches cannot be timely. Stopping, flower bud formation is difficult, fruit color is poor, flavor is light and odor, acne spot disease, water heart disease is common, storage is reduced, showing obvious symptoms of calcium deficiency. Fuji particular species, sensitive to nitrogen, excess nitrogen fertilizer, decreased quality of apple solid. In recent years, consumption has strongly reflected the decline in quality such as Red Fuji, which is not good to eat and is not resistant to storage. The main reason is the excessive nitrogen fertilizer. Excessive nitrogen is not used to make the tree resistance reduced, induce rot, powdery mildew. After examining the status quo of apple orchards in China, European experts believe that excessive nitrogen fertilizer is one of the main reasons for the low yield and quality. We should pay great attention to this.
The growth and development of fruit trees requires the absorption of various nutrients. In addition to a large number of elements, trace elements are also important. If they are lacking, they are prone to deficiency. At the same time, there is also mutual help or antagonism between various elements. For example, when apples apply nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen content in the tree increases, and the absorption of magnesium is also increased . Conversely, when the nitrogen content is low, the absorption of magnesium is reduced. The nitrogen and potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elements have antagonistic effects, such as excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, without the corresponding application of the above elements, the content of potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elements in the tree is reduced accordingly . Conversely, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to apples, leaf potassium content increased, and the fewer the nitrogen content in the soil, the more the absorption of potash, potassium because even lead to excess. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer, if the potassium and magnesium fertilizers are not increased correspondingly, the absorption of potassium and magnesium is inhibited, and potassium and magnesium are insufficient. Excessive potassium can reduce the absorption of calcium and magnesium . Conversely, low potassium can increase the content of calcium and magnesium in the tree. When calcium is deficient, it is not conducive to the absorption of ammonia ions. Too much, the soil is alkaline, and iron, manganese, zinc, boron, etc. become insoluble, leading to the occurrence of deficiency syndrome. However, in actual production, some farmers do not pay attention or understand the role of balanced fertilizer, usually nitrogen, phosphorus fertilization based upon, other elements less administration, leading element deficiencies, the yield is not high, quality degradation. To change this condition, we must understand the type of soil, soil nutrients missing in abundance, fruit trees and needs of different nutrients, preferably soil testing and fertilizer, fruit trees in order to avoid the occurrence of missing hormone disorders.
The fertilization period of apple trees is closely related to the growth rhythm of apple trees. However, some apple farmers do not use the apple tree as a premise, but use the human factors such as capital and labor to determine the fertilization period, thus failing to achieve the intended purpose of fertilization , and sometimes it is counterproductive. In recent years, many apple orchards have turned the spring application of the base fertilizer to break the apple tree "biological clock." Because nutrient use is not timely conversion of decomposition tree roots to absorb the supply of spring fertilizer season to be the peak period, and delayed until late summer early fall, fertilizer was able to give full play to the pretty spring growth can not be stopped in time, even in the long spur stop soon and secondary initiation, directly affect the organic nutrient accumulation and flower buds form; also promote the apple fall tree flourishing, reducing the accumulation of tree nutrition, real growth of Apple, reduce quality and hardness, fertilization lost meaning.
Base Fertilizer Application Time Most of the gardens were applied with base fertilizer after harvesting Red Fuji apples, and missed the best time for the autumn fertilizer . At this time, the ground temperature drops, the root activity tends to stop, the fertilizer utilization rate is greatly reduced, and the production cost is relatively increased. After fertilization and spring application of basal fertilizer , the fertilizer effect is slow, and it has less effect on the growth of fruiting and new shoots in fruit trees in spring, which is not conducive to flower bud differentiation, and it is even more unscientific.
First, the depth of fertilization is uncomfortable. Fertilizer is too shallow, causing nutrient volatilization waste; organic fertilizer is too deep ( 80 cm up and down), not applied to the root distribution layer, which is not conducive to root absorption and reduce fertilizer utilization.
Second, the fertilization point is less or not fully stirred with the soil, the fertilizer is too concentrated, causing the local concentration of the soil to be too high, often causing fertilizer damage, especially the phosphate fertilizer due to poor mobility, is not conducive to the effect of fertilizer.
In the production, many fruit farmers pay more attention to fertilization work, but often ignore the watering work. Although a lot of fertilization, due to soil drought, the fertilizer efficiency cannot be maximized, which has a great impact on fruit yield and quality . Therefore, watering should be carried out in time after fertilization, and whenever the soil shows drought, it should be timely watered. In areas with water shortage, tree straw can be covered to maintain soil moisture and increase soil organic matter content.
Foliar spray can be directly absorbed by the leaves, which is an efficient and rapid method of fertilization, so it is widely used by the majority of fruit farmers. However, some fruit farmers have some inadequacies in foliar application : First, improper selection of fertilizers, such as spraying with ammonium bicarbonate, causing burnt leaves ; second, inaccurate spraying sites ; third, the concentration is not accurate , or high or low. The correct method : First, according to the fruit tree needs to choose the type of fertilizer, the urea is the most widely used and the effect is better. The second is to determine the optimum spray site. Nutrients mobility different tree, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the case of highly mobile element, followed by sulfur and chlorine. Iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and copper are not easily moved, and boron, magnesium, and calcium are hardly moved. Therefore, the spraying parts should be different, especially the trace elements in the tree body with poor fluidity, it is best to spray directly on the desired organs. In addition, the leaf back absorbs faster than the leaf surface, and the spray back should focus on the leaf back. The third is to determine a reasonable concentration of fertilizer. Different concentrations must be used depending on the growth period and climatic conditions and tree species. The concentration of young leaves should be low, and the age-old leaves should be high ; the areas and seasons with more rainfall can be higher, and vice versa. Further, the amount to be sprayed enough to wet the blade, not dripping drops degrees, while Yemianpenfei generally low concentrations, with less fertilizer, fertilizer to improve the spray effect, more preferably continuously sprayed 3 times , 10 to 15 days apart .
For fruit trees, the trace element needs only a few parts per million, only when some trace elements are missing in some soils, or when certain fruit trees are particularly sensitive to certain trace elements, the trace elements are applied accordingly. To achieve the purpose of increasing production and quality. The results of the survey of trace elements zinc, boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper and iron in the soil of the National Institute of Soil Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences show that there are different levels of trace elements in most parts of China. The symptoms of trace elements in soil in the state of “moderate deficiency†are not obvious. When the normal growth and metabolism of crops such as fruit trees are affected by the lack of trace elements, the application of micro-fertilizer can change its micro-nutrient status and promote Growing and increasing production. In fact, this deficiency is potential, broader and more general than the symptomatic range, and it is clear that the potential deficiency of trace elements far exceeds expectations.
Micro-fertilizer can increase production and quality and increase the resistance to the application of micro-fertilizer. It can not only give full play to the economic benefits of medium-micro fertilizer, but more importantly, it can be used as an effective technical measure to increase fruit tree yield. In recent years, people gradually transformed to the quality requirements of products from fruit number, rational application of fertilizer can not only increase production, but also to improve fruit yield and quality of the effect is very obvious, but also effectively enhance the fruit trees to disease, low temperature, high temperature and drought of resilience.
It is well known that the trace elements are relatively small in quantity relative to N , P , K and other elements, but they participate in most physiological activities in the tree and have strong specificity, which is the normal growth and development of the crop. Deficient and non-replaceable fertilizers. When the fruit tree lacks any trace elements, growth and development are inhibited, resulting in reduced yield and reduced quality. Excessive application can cause crop poisoning and affect its yield and quality. In order to improve the use efficiency of other fertilizers, it is necessary to apply micro-fertilizers in a suitable, suitable crop, and appropriate amount, that is, according to the shortage of trace elements in the soil, crop demand and sensitivity, the application of micro-fertilizers by reasonable application methods, especially pay attention to the lack of supplements. Do not blindly abuse.China Angle Punching Marking Shearing Line Suppliers
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