Fire knowledge helps you stay away from ancient building fires

Due to its special historical reasons, ancient towns and ancient villages cannot be as complete as the modern city in terms of planning, and there are also many congenital problems in the field of fire protection. The ancient buildings carrying the country’s long history and culture, strengthening the fire protection of ancient buildings, and ensuring the fire safety of ancient buildings are an urgent and important task for the protection of precious historical and cultural heritage.

Recently, the Fire Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security issued the "Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Fire Prevention and Control in Ancient Towns and Villages", and proposed measures for the prevention and control of fires in ancient villages in ancient cities from various aspects. In this issue of "Safety Classroom," we will introduce some practical knowledge about fire protection in ancient buildings. We hope that residents, merchants, and tourists in the ancient city can increase their awareness of fire safety and keep ancient buildings away from fire.

For buildings, combustibles, flammable liquids, electricity, and gas are the four major fire hazards. For the ancient towns and villages with more complex structures and low fire resistance, residents must pay special attention to the control of fire hazards. Once these substances cause a fire, they are very likely to cause fire.

Do a good job of flammable insulation protection measures

1. For open fires for cooking and heating, non-combustible materials should be used for fire protection and isolation on walls and floors within a range of 2 meters, and firewood and other combustible materials should not be piled within 1 meter of the surrounding area, or fire prevention measures should be taken.

2. When the chimney passes through a flammable or flame-proof roof, the smoke outlet shall be not less than 500 mm above the roof and a fire shield shall be provided; when the chimney directly opens the smoke outlet on the outer wall, the outer wall shall be unburnt and Exhaust fume outlets shall protrude not less than 250 mm from the external wall; the interfaces of combustible walls, floors or roof panels where the flue is passed shall be non-flammable.

3, firewood, feed and other combustibles stacked more buildings, lower fire rating of the contiguous buildings or close to the forest area of ​​the village, to be possible to produce open fire or spark parts to take isolation, monitoring and other preventive measures.

4. When using an open flame or stove, there should be someone to take care of it. After the fire is exhausted, the excess fire should be cleared in time, and the remaining water and dust should be extinguished. In the windy weather, no open fire can be used outdoors.

5. Fireworks and firecrackers should be kept away from wood-constructed buildings and combustibles such as firewood.

Pay attention to troubleshooting hidden dangers of wires and electrical appliances

1. Electrical lines laid on flammable materials should be protected by metal pipes, fire-retardant casings or flame-retardant cables, and should avoid high-temperature parts such as stoves and chimneys; electrical lines should be inspected periodically.

2. The power and lighting circuits of the threshing floor should be laid through pipes buried underground. The pipes should not be made of bamboo pipes or plastic pipes. Each motor in the threshing floor shall be provided with an independent operating switch and shall be located in the switch box. The line between the switch box and the power equipment must not be plugged. The distance between the lighting fixtures and combustibles in the threshing floor shall not be less than 1 meter.

3, the connection between the wire and the electrical equipment should be firm, it should not be privately connected to the electrical circuit, and it is forbidden to hang up and hang on the electrical circuit.

4. The withstand voltage rating, safety ampacity and mechanical strength of the conductor shall meet the requirements for use of the place where electricity is used. The power equipment shall not be overloaded, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the fuse shall not be arbitrarily increased and copper wires, iron wires, etc. shall not be used instead of fuses.

5, the correct use of rice cookers, electric irons, electric blankets and other electric heating equipment, should pay attention to care during use, cut off the power in time after use.

6. The high temperature parts of the surfaces of lighting fixtures and electric heating equipment should maintain a safe distance from combustibles. When approaching flammable materials, fire protection measures such as heat insulation and heat dissipation should be taken. It is forbidden to cover flammable materials on electric heating equipment.

7. Electric vehicles must not be parked on stairways, evacuation routes, or safety exits. Charging should be carried out outdoors as much as possible. The line sockets should be fixedly laid and recharged in accordance with the instructions of the user's manual. When charging, there must be no flammable material around.

Gas use is more demanding than normal construction

1, should be based on the type of gas, select the appropriate gas cooker; gas stove should be installed in a well-ventilated room, and should be separated from the bedroom; gas stove and gas pipe connection pipe should be firmly installed, and should be checked regularly; should pay attention to stove The safe use period of the connection pipe shall be replaced in time.

2. The type, size, and quantity of cylinders used in locations where liquefied petroleum gas cylinders are used for gas supply shall meet the requirements. The public areas of operational sites may not use various types of equipment for the supply of gas from LPG cylinders. Storage and use of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders in the room should be well-ventilated, strictly prohibited storage and use in the basement; liquefied petroleum gas cylinders should not be close to the fire source, heat source, and the safety distance between the stove and the stove should not be less than 0.5 meters.

3. It is forbidden to use over-potted liquefied petroleum gas cylinders. It is forbidden to knock, invert, and collide cylinders. It is forbidden to dump residual liquid and privately.

4. The distance between the inlet, outlet and cover of the digester and the cover of the open fire should not be less than 25 meters. When using the ignition method to test the biogas, it should be fired on the biogas stove and it is strictly prohibited on the gas pipeline and the digester. Ignition gas test; During maintenance of biogas digesters, good ventilation shall be maintained, and open flames or appliances that may generate sparks shall be strictly prohibited; the main gas pipeline shall be made of non-combustible materials, and the connection points shall be tightly fastened; the gas pipelines shall be regularly inspected. , And should promptly eliminate leak points.

5. The gas pipeline entering the building shall be made of galvanized steel pipe with a shut-off valve, and plastic pipes are strictly prohibited.

It is best not to store flammable liquids in residents' homes

1. Flammable liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and alcohol should not be stored in the living room, and should be kept away from fire and heat sources. Excessive storage of flammable liquids is strictly prohibited in business premises.

2. The use of oil and other flammable liquid fuel stoves, heating stoves and other equipment must be filled with fuel after flameout and cooling.

3. It is forbidden to carry out open flame operations such as electric welding on storage containers containing or containing flammable liquids that have not been subjected to safe replacement measures.

4. It is prohibited to use glass bottles, plastic barrels and other non-metallic containers that are fragile or easy to generate static electricity to hold gasoline, kerosene, alcohol and other flammable liquids.

5. The indoor fuel pipeline should use metal pipes and shut-off valves, and plastic pipes are strictly prohibited.

"Ammunition" to protect fire fighting troops from fire

The fire water source is the fire extinguishing “ammunition” of the fire brigade, but for many ancient towns and villages, the lack of fire water sources is a real problem. Therefore, the managers and occupiers of the ancient towns should establish the awareness of “thinking of safety in times of peace”, do a good job of reserves and pay attention to maintenance at ordinary times, and ensure that fire officers and soldiers can rapidly extinguish fires.

1. The ancient towns and villages shall set fire stations or fire stations according to factors such as scale, regional conditions and fire risk. The number, type and performance of the fire trucks (ships) in the fire station must comply with the actual needs of fire suppression in ancient cities and towns; each community in the ancient town should have at least one fire control point, and every village from 50 to 100 should have one fire point.

2. The setting of fire-fighting spots should meet the following four requirements: a fixed location and a wake-up target; according to fire water sources and road conditions, matching vehicles (ships), mobile fire pumps, water hoses, water guns, fire extinguishers, and demolition Tools and equipment; fire alarms and on-duty personnel; full-time or volunteer firefighters.

3, as a supplement to fire fighting equipment, ancient towns and villages should also make full use of farm vehicles, sprinklers, irrigation motor pumps and other agricultural facilities that meet certain fire-fighting requirements.

4. The outdoor fire hydrant system should be set up in ancient cities and towns; the outdoor fire hydrant system should be set up in villages. When there are difficulties, mobile fire extinguishing facilities consisting of fire engines or mobile fire pumps, fire hoses, and water guns can be used. Fire water can be supplied by urban water plants, fire water tanks and natural water sources that meet the requirements. Water shortage areas can be supplied by rainwater collection pools and other facilities.

5. The fire-fighting pools set in ancient towns and villages shall meet the following requirements: The capacity of a single fire-fighting pool shall not be less than 50 cubic meters, and the amount of water shall be maintained in peacetime; the fire-fighting pool shall be reasonably distributed, and the radius of protection shall not be greater than 150 meters except for the high-position pool. For fire-fighting water tanks for fire trucks or mobile fire pumps, water intakes shall be provided; fire-fighting pools in cold and cold areas shall be provided with antifreeze measures.

6. When the natural water source is used as a fire-fighting water source, the following requirements shall be met: The water source shall be sufficient and the fire-fighting water in the dry season and winter season shall be guaranteed; a solid water intake platform and obvious signs shall be provided. The distance and height difference between the water intake platform and the surface of the water should meet the requirements of the suction height of the fire engine when the water is pumped or the lowest water level of the mobile fire pump. The natural water source for the fire truck to take water should be provided with a fire lane leading to the water intake platform.

The important role of firefighting facilities cannot be ignored

In some ancient towns and villages, commercial sites such as shops, bars, and hotels have been set up. These places have a lot of flammable materials and have a high risk of fire. Their components are naturally eroded for a long period of time and have a low moisture content. Once a fire breaks out, Easy to spread. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out reasonable fire districting for ancient buildings and equipped with necessary fire-fighting equipment and equipment.

1. For the transformation of existing buildings in ancient towns and villages, non-combustible and flame-retardant materials should be used as far as possible.

2. Adjacent external walls between wooden structures or brick-and-wood structures are preferably made of non-combustible solid walls and preferably above the roof.

3. The construction-intensive areas with high fire-resistance grades shall occupy an area of ​​no more than 5,000 square meters; once they exceed this range, fire-proof partitions with a width of not less than 6 meters shall be provided in the dense areas for fire separation.

In areas with low fire-resistant construction density, the floor space should not exceed 3,000 square meters; when it exceeds this range, a fire separation belt with a width of not less than 10 meters should be installed in the dense area for fire separation.

4, the kitchen should be set in the building on the external wall of the site. The kitchens of catering business establishments shall use non-combustible solid walls and other parts for fire separation.

5. Fire insulation measures shall be taken between a small amount of firewood, feed, etc. stacked in village yards and buildings.

6. For hotels, shops, bars, internet cafes and other business establishments, when each floor area is greater than 200 square meters, each level of safety exits shall not be less than two.

7. The ancient buildings of the cultural relics protection units with key wooden structures or brick-wood structures should be equipped with indoor fire hydrant systems.

8. The automatic water-spraying system or the automatic water-spraying local application system shall be set up in the operating places with water supply conditions; an indoor fire hydrant system shall be installed on each floor or a fire hose shall be installed on the living water supply pipeline.

9, hotels, shops, bars, cafes and other business venues should be set up automatic fire alarm systems or independent fire alarm detectors.

10, hotels, shops, bars, cafes and other business venues should be equipped with fire extinguishers, homes should be equipped with fire extinguishers.