Fire rating and material selection
China is divided into four fire resistance grades according to the fire resistance capacity of the common structural types of buildings (high-rise buildings must be one or two). The fire resistance of a building depends on the fire endurance and combustion properties of the component, which are specified separately in different fire resistance grades. The fire endurance of a component is mainly the period of time (in hours) from the action of the fire to the destruction (such as loss of support). The materials of the components are divided into combustion bodies (such as wood), hard-to-burn bodies (such as asphalt concrete, particleboard) and non-combustion bodies (such as bricks, stones, metals, etc.) depending on the combustion performance.
Buildings should be selected for their material and construction according to their fire rating. For example, the load-bearing wall of the first-grade fire-resistance class and the column shall be a non-combustion body with a fire resistance limit of 3 hours (such as a 180 mm thick wall or a 300×300 mm column made of brick or concrete), and the beam shall be a non-combustion with a fire endurance of 2 hours. Body, the steel protective layer must be more than 30 mm thick. The design must be designed to ensure the fire resistance of the main structure to win enough evacuation time and make the building easy to repair after a fire. Partition walls and ceilings should have the necessary fire resistance. Interior decoration and furnishings should be made of non-combustible or flame-retardant materials, such as fire-resistant ceiling materials and carpets, curtains, etc., to reduce the occurrence of fire and control the spread of fire.
Fire separation and fire zone
1 Fire separation: In order to prevent the fire from spreading through radiant heat, there should be a certain distance between the buildings. The lower the fire resistance rating of the building, the more susceptible it is to the spread of fire, and the fire separation distance should be increased. The fire separation distance between the first and second class fire-resistant civil buildings shall not be less than 6 meters, and the fire-proof distances of the civil buildings with the third- and fourth-grade fire-resistant grades shall be 7 meters and 9 meters respectively. High-rise buildings are difficult to evacuate due to fire, and ladder trucks require a large working radius. Therefore, the fire distance of the same and second-class fire-rated buildings in the high-rise main body shall not be less than 13 meters, and the fire-proof distance of the third- and fourth-class fire-rated buildings shall not be less than 15 And 18 meters. There are more flammable materials in the workshop, and the fire separation distance should be increased. For example, the fire distance between the first and second grade fire-resistant workshops or between them and the civil buildings should not be less than 10 meters, and the third- and fourth-grade fire-rated workshops and other buildings. The fire distance must not be less than 12 and 14 meters. Plants or warehouses that produce or store inflammable and explosive materials should be kept away from buildings. 2 Fire compartment: In the building, fire prevention must be carried out to prevent the spread of fireworks, that is, the building is divided into several areas by using a firewall or the like. The first and second class fire-resistant buildings shall have a firewall with a length of more than 150 meters. The maximum allowable area of ​​the sub-district is 2,500 m2; the above-mentioned indicators for the third- and fourth-class fire-rated buildings are 100 m, 1,200 m2 and 60 m, and 600 m2 respectively. . The fire protection zone area of ​​the first and second class fire protection grades is limited to 1000 m 2 or 1500 m 2 , and the basement is controlled within 500 m 2 . The firewall shall be a non-combustion body with a fire resistance limit of 4 hours. If there are holes in the above, Class A fire doors and windows shall be installed, and all pipes shall not pass through the firewall. Fire shutters that cannot be equipped with a firewall can be protected by water curtains.
Safe evacuation and ventilation
To reduce fire casualties, architectural design should consider safe evacuation. The safety exits of public buildings should generally be no less than two, and theaters, stadiums and other places with dense audiences should be calculated to set more exports. The safety exit of the floor is a staircase. The open stairwell is prone to fireworks and spreads, which hinders evacuation. The closed stairwell can block the smoke and facilitate evacuation. The smoke-proof stairwell is more conducive to evacuation due to the front room. High-rise buildings shall be provided with enclosed or smoke-proof stairwells, which shall be arranged in two evacuation directions. Super-high-rise buildings should be provided with temporary safety zones or refuge floors, and roofed helicopters can be set up to evacuate from the air. Emergency lighting, evacuation direction indicators and safety exit lights shall be provided on the evacuation path.
A large amount of smoke is generated during a building fire, which not only hinders evacuation but also poisons people and even death. Stairwells, elevator shafts, and pipeline wells have a "chimney effect" that acts as a smoker, and smoke from underground buildings is difficult to discharge. Therefore, natural smoke exhaust or mechanical smoke exhaust facilities should be arranged according to the conditions of walkways, stairwells and fire elevator front rooms of high-rise or underground buildings.
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