List of main varieties of low toxicity and low residue pesticides

From 2002 to the present, China has banned the sale and use of 39 pesticides and restricted the use of 20 pesticides. The reasons for adopting the prohibition policy for these 59 pesticides are nothing more than three, or high toxicity, which is highly toxic or highly toxic pesticides, affecting personal safety, such as tetramine, methamidophos, phenylphosphonium, etc., or The residual period is too long, which has an impact on the quality of agricultural products or crops, affecting the quality and safety of agricultural products or causing crop phytotoxicity, such as dicofol, chlorsulfuron, ethamsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, etc., and further adverse effects on the environment. Such as 666, DDT, fipronil and so on. Although these pesticides still have a good effect of killing pests and diseases, they must have high toxicity, high residue and adverse effects on the environment from the purpose of safeguarding people's life safety, agricultural product quality and safety and ecological environment safety. The use of pesticides in the use of restricted measures, and promote the use of low-toxic, low-residue, environmentally friendly pesticides. In 2016, the No. 1 Document of the Central Committee stated: “Strengthen the environmental protection and source management of the production area, implement a strict management system for the use of agricultural inputs, promote high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, and implement veterinary antibacterial drug management actions.”

1 Low toxicity, low residue, environmentally friendly pesticide concept

Low-toxic, low-residue, environmentally-friendly pesticides should meet three conditions: First, pesticides are low in toxicity to humans and animals and safe to use. The acute toxicity of pesticides is generally determined in rats. According to the toxicity classification standard of pesticide products in China, the oral LD50 value of acute poisoned rats with low toxicity is 500 mg/kg to 5,000 mg/kg. There are eye-catching toxic signs on the label of pesticide products. The low-toxic pesticides are marked with the low-toxic words marked in red in the diamond frame.

Secondly, pesticides are easily degraded in plants, agricultural products and soils, and the time required for disappearing is short, that is, the residue is low.

Finally, pesticides should be more environmentally friendly and safer. Varieties that have adverse effects on the environment due to the active ingredients of pesticides, such as organic mercury that causes water mites and highly toxic inorganic arsenic, organophosphorus that causes neurotoxicity, and organic chlorine that causes environmental pollution due to residues, and environmental Most of the varieties such as aluminum phosphide and methyl bromide that have had adverse effects have been banned, so it is now said that environmentally friendly pesticides are more likely to have no adverse effects or less impact on the environment. In the mid-1980s, the United Nations, through extensive research and demonstration, formed the basic framework for environmentally friendly pesticide formulations (see Table 1), which was reflected in the cooperative development of CPR/91/121 signed by the People’s Republic of China and the United Nations. In the framework style. In this framework, the three dosage forms of emulsifiable concentrates, powders and wettable powders, which still account for a large proportion, are classified as traditional dosage forms, while aqueous emulsions, microcapsule suspensions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions and water-dispersible granules are Environmentally friendly dosage form.

2 Low-toxic, low-residue, environmentally friendly pesticide varieties

By the end of 2014, a total of 660 pesticide active ingredients had been registered in the country. To distinguish between low-toxic and low-residue pesticides, it is indeed more difficult for the average person. To this end, the Plantation Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, together with the Pesticide Testing Institute, organizes relevant experts to screen, evaluate and formulate pesticides that have been officially registered according to the toxicity of pesticides, residue limits, agricultural production and risk monitoring. The Directory of Major Varieties of Low-Poison and Low-Residue Pesticides in Production and Use (2014) is used to guide farmers to use low-toxic and low-residue pesticides. The list has a total of 91 pesticide active ingredients, accounting for 13.8% of all registered active ingredients, including 29 pesticides , such as tetrazine, bromopyridyl, tebufenozide, diflubenzuron, chlorantraniliprole, and alkidine. Chemical pesticides such as muscarinic acid and Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Pieris rapae granulosis virus, Brassica californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, etc.; 40 fungicides, boscalid, fluazinam, fluoroamide , hexaconazole, triadimefon, penconazole, imazalil, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, chitosan, amino oligosaccharide, etc.; 15 herbicides, such as quizalofop, excellent Propizalamine, mesotrione, cyhalofoprin, bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, etc.; 7 plant growth regulators , including S-excitation, amine ester, gibberellic acid A3, red Mycophenolic acid A4+A7, naphthaleneacetic acid, ethephon, brassinolide. The list is only for pesticide active ingredients and does not involve pesticide formulations. When farmers use pesticides, they can refer to the list, and combine with the environmentally friendly dosage forms listed in the basic framework of global environmentally friendly pesticides to select pesticides that are both low-toxic, low-residue and environmentally friendly. For example, in the vegetable and fruit trees, the fungicide difenoconazole is used. Since the dosage form of difenoconazole is emulsifiable concentrate, suspending agent and water-dispersible granule, the difenoconazole water-dispersible granule or suspending agent can be selected. Therefore, the selected pesticides are low-toxic, low-residue pesticides and environmentally-friendly pesticides. For example, the wheat herbicide benzosulfuron, there are wettable powders and water-dispersible granules, we should prefer to use bensulfuron-methyl dispersible granules.

3 Low toxicity, low residue, environmentally friendly pesticide use

Due to the low cost, low residue, and environmentally friendly shortcomings such as high cost of use and slow availability, it is difficult for farmers to accept it. Government departments need to strengthen guidance and policy support to encourage farmers to actively use it. According to the actual situation of the year, Shandong Provincial Department of Agriculture selects suitable low-poison and low-residue pesticides and recommends to the public to publish a list of major crops to help farmers choose to use. As early as 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture launched a demonstration subsidy program for low-toxic biological pesticides, and implemented financial subsidies to promote the promotion and use of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides. In the past four years, in the provinces of Shouguang, Anqiu, Zhangqiu and Qixia, Wuyuan, Laizhou and other counties (cities), the Ministry of Agriculture implemented low-toxic biological pesticide demonstration subsidy projects, and basically developed a set of effective management measures. And methods, have the conditions to promote the implementation of low-toxic, low-residue pesticide financial subsidies on a large scale, and wrote it into the "Shandong Province Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision and Management Regulations." Article 12 of the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety in Shandong Province" implements a subsidy system for low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides and veterinary drugs. The municipal people's government or the county (city, district) people's government of the district shall organize finance, agriculture, forestry, The departments of animal husbandry and veterinary have selected subsidies for low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides and low-residue veterinary drugs. The specific subsidy methods and subsidy standards are formulated and implemented by the local people's government. The low-toxic, low-residue pesticides and low residues specified in the preceding paragraph. The veterinary drug varieties, their production enterprises and sales prices are determined by the local people's government through bidding and announced to the public." In 2016, Qingdao Municipal Finance invested 26 million yuan to implement low-toxic, low-residue pesticide subsidies, and Jinan, Dongying, Jining and other cities also launched. Pilot work on low-toxic, low-residue pesticide subsidies. In the next few years, Shandong Province is expected to popularize the financial subsidy policy for low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides throughout the province, which will greatly promote the use of low-toxic, low-residue and environment-friendly pesticides, so that pesticides can guarantee agricultural production safety and agricultural products. The positive effects of quality safety and ecological and environmental safety are fully realized.

Table 1 Basic framework for global environmentally friendly pesticides

Table 2 List of pesticides used in the production of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides (2014) (29)

Serial number	Pesticide variety name	Scope of use (used in accordance with the registration label) Scope and precautions used)
1	Polychlortetracycline	Cabbage, citrus tree, Chinese cabbage, eggplant, zucchini
2	Biphenyl ester	Apple tree
3	Tetrazine	Apple, pear, citrus
4	Bromobromide	Citrus tree, apple tree
5	Pieris rapa granulosis virus	Cruciferous vegetables
6	Tea nucleopolyhedrovirus	tea tree
7	Tebufenozide	Cruciferous vegetables, apple trees
8	Diflubenzuron	Wheat, kale, apple tree, tea tree
9	Short-lived bacillus	Cruciferous vegetables, rice
10	Flurazine	Cabbage, cotton, citrus, radish
11	Fluoropyrazine	Cabbage, cotton
12	Brassica californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus	Cabbage, cotton
13	Methoxyfenozide	Cabbage, apple tree
14	Metarhizium	Apple tree, Chinese cabbage, coconut tree
15	mineral oil	Cucumber, tomato, apple, pear, citrus, tea tree
16	Spirotetramat	Tomato, apple tree, citrus tree
17	Chlorantraniliprole	Cabbage, apple tree, rice, cotton, sugar cane, broccoli
18	Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus	cotton
19	Chlortetracycline	Cucumber, kidney bean
20	Diflubenzuron	Cabbage
twenty one	Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus	Cruciferous vegetables
twenty two	Beauveria bassiana	Rice, peanuts, tea trees, pakchoi, cotton
twenty three	Cumulus	Citrus tree, apple tree
twenty four	Bacillus thuringiensis	Cruciferous vegetables, pear trees, citrus trees, rice, corn, soybeans, tea trees, sweet potatoes, sorghum, tobacco, jujube, cotton
25	Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus	Cruciferous vegetables
26	Nitenpyram	Citrus tree, cotton
27	Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus	Cruciferous vegetables
28	Ethoxysporin	Cabbage, eggplant
29	Indosin	Cabbage

Table 3 List of fungi (including nematicides) for the production of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides in the plantation industry (2014) (40)

Serial number	Pesticide variety name	Scope of use (specifically in accordance with the use of registration labels) Scope and precautions used)
1	Pyridyl	Cucumber, strawberry
2	Chitosan	Cucumber, tomato, rice, wheat, corn, soybean, cotton
3	Paecilomyces lilacinus	tomato
4	R- diniconazole	Pear tree
5	Amino oligosaccharide	Cucumber, tomato, pear, watermelon, rice, corn, cabbage, tobacco, cotton
6	Difenoconazole	Cucumber, tomato, apple, pear, citrus, watermelon, rice, wheat, tea, ginseng, garlic, celery, Chinese cabbage, lychee, asparagus
7	Propiconazole	Rice, banana
8	Chunleimycin	Rice, tomato
9	Inaba	Rice
10	Oligosaccharin	Tomato, rice, wheat, corn, pepper
11	Bacillus licheniformis	Cucumber (protective land), watermelon
12	Bacillus polymyxa	Cucumber, tomato, pepper, watermelon, eggplant, tobacco
13	Malignant	Cucumber (seed bed), watermelon, beet, rice
14	Fluramine	chili
15	Flumorpholine	cucumber
16	Fluoroamide	Rice
17	Mushroom proteoglycan	Tomato, rice
18	Pythium	Tomato, rice, tobacco
19	Oxazol	Rice, wheat, tomato, apple, pear, grape
20	Bacillus subtilis	Cucumber, pepper, strawberry, rice, cotton, potato, Sanqi
twenty one	Quinoline copper	Apple tree
twenty two	Bacillus cereus	Tomato, wheat, rice
twenty three	Mamide	Cucumber, pepper, apple tree, citrus, grape, watermelon, banana, lychee, longan
twenty four	Prochlorazamine	Cucumber, pepper, apple tree, citrus, grape, watermelon
25	Azoxystrobin	grape
26	Trichoderma	Cucumber, tomato, wheat
27	Ningnanmycin	Rice, apple tree
28	Glucan	tomato
29	Thiofuramide	Rice, potato
30	Thiabendazole	Apple tree, citrus, banana
31	Aluminum triethylphosphinate	cucumber
32	Triazolol	Rice, wheat, banana
33	Triazolone	Rice, wheat
34	Penconazole	grape
35	Dimethomorph	cucumber
36	Lentinus edodes	Zucchini, tobacco
37	Ethyl cumene	cucumber
38	Isocarbazide	Tomato, apple tree, grape, banana
39	Imazalil	Apple tree, citrus
40	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Tomato, tobacco

Table 4 Herbicides in the list of major varieties of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides used in crop production (2014) (15)

Serial number	Pesticide variety name	Scope of use (specifically in accordance with the use of registration labels) Scope and precautions used)
1	Bensulfuron	wheat
2	Methionamide	Rice (dumping fields, transplanting fields)
3	Pyrazosulfuron	Rice (dumping fields, transplanting fields, Putian)
4	Bensulfuron	Rice (live field, transplanted field, throwing rice field)
5	Propargyl oxalate	Rice transplanting field, potato field
6	Propionylflufenamide	Citrus orchard, soybean field
7	Phenylpyrazine	Soybean field, cotton field, peanut field, beet
8	Quinoxaline	Rapeseed field, cotton field, soybean field
9	Sodium metolachlor	Corn field, peanut field, rapeseed transplanting field, summer soybean field, beet field, sesame field
10	Fluroxypyroxyacetic acid	Wheat field
11	Cyhalofop-butyl	Rice (live field, polder, transplanted field)
12	Sparse	Peanut field, rapeseed field, soybean field, flax, beet field
13	Mesotrione	Corn field
14	Metolachlor	Corn field, peanut field, soybean field
15	Zhong Dingling	cotton field

Table 5 Plant Growth Regulators (7) in the list of major varieties of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides used in crop production (2014)

Serial number	Pesticide variety name	Scope of use (specifically in accordance with the use of registration labels) Scope and precautions used)
1	S -Elicitin	Tomato, rice, tobacco, cotton
2	Amine fresh ester	Chinese cabbage
3	Gibberellic acid A3	Pear, rice, spinach, celery
4	Gibberellic acid A4+A7	Apple, pear, lychee, longan
5	Naphthaleneacetic acid	Rice, wheat, apple trees, cotton
6	Ethephon	Tomato, corn, banana, lychee, cotton
7	Brassinolide	Cucumber, tomato, pepper, apple, pear, citrus, grape, strawberry, banana, rice, wheat, corn, peanut, rape, soybean, leafy vegetable, lychee, longan, cotton, sugar cane

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