I. Leakage Characteristics of Hazardous Chemicals The leakage characteristics of hazardous chemicals mainly depend on the physical state of the chemicals. The leakage characteristics of different forms of hazardous chemicals in the production, storage and transportation sectors are significantly different. The details are as follows.
1) Leakage characteristics of gaseous hazardous chemicals
    Due to the inherent characteristics of gaseous materials, they generally have the following leakage characteristics, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Leakage characteristics of gaseous hazardous chemicals
2) Leakage characteristics of liquid hazardous chemicals
    Liquid substances have fluidity, especially for liquids with high hazard levels such as flammable and explosive liquids, toxic liquids, corrosive liquids, etc., when the leakage occurs, the hazard is high, and the difficulty of leakage disposal is correspondingly large. The leakage characteristics of these chemicals are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Leakage characteristics of liquid hazardous chemicals 
3) Leakage characteristics of solid hazardous chemicals
    Solid-state hazardous chemicals mainly include flammable solids, self-reactive substances, and water-reactive substances. Solid-state hazardous chemicals are less dangerous to leak than gases and liquids, but they still need to be treated with care. Common leakage characteristics are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Leakage characteristics of solid hazardous chemicals 
Second, the cause of leakage of dangerous chemicals
    The causes of leakage of hazardous chemicals are often multifaceted. Under normal circumstances, there are five main reasons for the leakage accident, as shown in Figure 1. 
Figure 1 Reasons for leakage of hazardous chemicals
    Among the above-mentioned reasons for causing leakage, the latter three account for a large proportion. At the same time, the links that lead to leakage accidents are mainly concentrated in the production process and transportation.
3. Disposal procedures for leakage of hazardous chemicals
    Disposal of hazardous chemical spills should adhere to the following principles: First, ensure the safety of emergency personnel, save people first, adhere to the principle of people-oriented; secondly, disaster control and property protection; ultimately, focus on post-disaster treatment and waste disposal to prevent secondary pollution.
    On the basis of adhering to the above principles, reasonable emergency treatment is carried out on the site of the leakage accident. The routine disposal procedure is shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2 General disposal procedures for hazardous chemical spills
1) Initial evaluation
    After arriving at the scene of the spill, first of all, you should first understand the situation on the spot. This includes the scope of the accident and the potential for leakage, clearing the casualties and determining whether external assistance is needed.
    Second, we must quickly understand the basic situation of the spill. For known substances, through SDS (MSDS), understand the physical and chemical properties, toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, personal protection, leakage disposal, casualty rescue and other information; for unknown substances, using detection instruments on-site detection or through leakage properties, Information such as the symptoms of the injured person is identified. At the same time, preliminary understanding of the leakage situation, determine the location of the leakage point, the surrounding environment of the leakage source, and confirm whether there is leakage material into the atmosphere, nearby water sources, sewers and other places.
2) Division area
    The purpose of dividing the area is to properly carry out the leakage disposal procedure. After the initial assessment, the site is controlled, and the leakage site is divided into three areas ( leakage pollution zone, washing and decontamination zone, emergency support zone ) around the leakage point. Thereby determining the scope of evacuation of personnel, organizing emergency evacuation of personnel unrelated to the emergency, while avoiding secondary pollution, and facilitating the rapid formulation of further emergency response plans.
3) Emergency rescue
    This link is mainly divided into two parts: one is personnel rescue , and the other is to control leakage . As a core part of the hazardous chemical spill disposal procedures, emergency rescue is particularly critical. This section will also focus on this part.
    In the process of leakage disposal, emergency personnel generally go to the field in the first time, so the equipment and selection of personal protective equipment is particularly important . The comprehensive assessment should be based on the hazard of the hazardous chemicals, the specific situation of the accident site and the specific tasks undertaken by the emergency personnel, and finally select appropriate personal protective equipment to ensure the safety of the personnel throughout the emergency rescue process.
    China's current requirements for the configuration of personal protective equipment are mainly referred to GB/T 11651-2008. For the chemical spill disposal, the US NFPA 471 standard gives clear guidance on the choice of personal protective equipment. The details are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Classification criteria for personal protective equipment configuration 
    It is worth noting that in the case of unclear situation or unclear hazard characteristics of hazardous chemicals, the highest level of protective equipment should be selected to ensure that nothing is lost. In addition, before using the personal protective equipment, it must be ensured that it is in a normal functional state, and timely maintenance and maintenance should be carried out after use.
    The main reason for controlling leakage is to alleviate the consequences of dangerous chemical spills. Generally divided into two basic methods, namely physical methods and chemical methods .
    The physical methods are mainly several methods and procedures for narrowing the scope of events such as overflow and leakage. See Table 5 for details. The chemical method refers to the treatment of hazardous chemicals leaked with chemicals. See Table 6 for details.
Table 5 Common physical methods for controlling leaks 
Table 6 Common chemical methods for controlling leakage 
    In the process of controlling the leakage, the emergency personnel shall adopt appropriate physical methods and/or chemical methods to control the leakage substances according to the characteristics of the hazardous chemicals. However, personnel safety should always be placed first.
4) Post-disaster disposal
    When the leakage accident is over, the emergency personnel and equipment should be removed after the decontamination area has been completely decontaminated; the fire and decontamination wastewater should be recycled and treated, and then discharged into the wastewater system; all kinds of contaminated waste should be Handled by a professional or agency.
Fourth, summary
    In this issue of compliance interpretation, we have popularized the leakage characteristics of hazardous chemicals, analyzed the causes of leakage of hazardous chemicals, and focused on explaining the leakage disposal procedures for hazardous chemicals.
    However, the best solution for any accident is to prevent it from happening. Therefore, both the enterprise and the regulatory authorities should strengthen the emphasis on hazardous chemicals, develop a sound hazardous chemicals management system and practical management measures to The use of the product is safely implemented to specific positions and responsible persons, and safety management and training are carried out to avoid leakage accidents.
1) Leakage characteristics of gaseous hazardous chemicals
    Due to the inherent characteristics of gaseous materials, they generally have the following leakage characteristics, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Leakage characteristics of gaseous hazardous chemicals
    Liquid substances have fluidity, especially for liquids with high hazard levels such as flammable and explosive liquids, toxic liquids, corrosive liquids, etc., when the leakage occurs, the hazard is high, and the difficulty of leakage disposal is correspondingly large. The leakage characteristics of these chemicals are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Leakage characteristics of liquid hazardous chemicals
3) Leakage characteristics of solid hazardous chemicals
    Solid-state hazardous chemicals mainly include flammable solids, self-reactive substances, and water-reactive substances. Solid-state hazardous chemicals are less dangerous to leak than gases and liquids, but they still need to be treated with care. Common leakage characteristics are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Leakage characteristics of solid hazardous chemicals
Second, the cause of leakage of dangerous chemicals
    The causes of leakage of hazardous chemicals are often multifaceted. Under normal circumstances, there are five main reasons for the leakage accident, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Reasons for leakage of hazardous chemicals
    Among the above-mentioned reasons for causing leakage, the latter three account for a large proportion. At the same time, the links that lead to leakage accidents are mainly concentrated in the production process and transportation.
3. Disposal procedures for leakage of hazardous chemicals
    Disposal of hazardous chemical spills should adhere to the following principles: First, ensure the safety of emergency personnel, save people first, adhere to the principle of people-oriented; secondly, disaster control and property protection; ultimately, focus on post-disaster treatment and waste disposal to prevent secondary pollution.
    On the basis of adhering to the above principles, reasonable emergency treatment is carried out on the site of the leakage accident. The routine disposal procedure is shown in Figure 2:
1) Initial evaluation
    After arriving at the scene of the spill, first of all, you should first understand the situation on the spot. This includes the scope of the accident and the potential for leakage, clearing the casualties and determining whether external assistance is needed.
    Second, we must quickly understand the basic situation of the spill. For known substances, through SDS (MSDS), understand the physical and chemical properties, toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, personal protection, leakage disposal, casualty rescue and other information; for unknown substances, using detection instruments on-site detection or through leakage properties, Information such as the symptoms of the injured person is identified. At the same time, preliminary understanding of the leakage situation, determine the location of the leakage point, the surrounding environment of the leakage source, and confirm whether there is leakage material into the atmosphere, nearby water sources, sewers and other places.
2) Division area
    The purpose of dividing the area is to properly carry out the leakage disposal procedure. After the initial assessment, the site is controlled, and the leakage site is divided into three areas ( leakage pollution zone, washing and decontamination zone, emergency support zone ) around the leakage point. Thereby determining the scope of evacuation of personnel, organizing emergency evacuation of personnel unrelated to the emergency, while avoiding secondary pollution, and facilitating the rapid formulation of further emergency response plans.
3) Emergency rescue
    This link is mainly divided into two parts: one is personnel rescue , and the other is to control leakage . As a core part of the hazardous chemical spill disposal procedures, emergency rescue is particularly critical. This section will also focus on this part.
    In the process of leakage disposal, emergency personnel generally go to the field in the first time, so the equipment and selection of personal protective equipment is particularly important . The comprehensive assessment should be based on the hazard of the hazardous chemicals, the specific situation of the accident site and the specific tasks undertaken by the emergency personnel, and finally select appropriate personal protective equipment to ensure the safety of the personnel throughout the emergency rescue process.
    China's current requirements for the configuration of personal protective equipment are mainly referred to GB/T 11651-2008. For the chemical spill disposal, the US NFPA 471 standard gives clear guidance on the choice of personal protective equipment. The details are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Classification criteria for personal protective equipment configuration
    It is worth noting that in the case of unclear situation or unclear hazard characteristics of hazardous chemicals, the highest level of protective equipment should be selected to ensure that nothing is lost. In addition, before using the personal protective equipment, it must be ensured that it is in a normal functional state, and timely maintenance and maintenance should be carried out after use.
    The main reason for controlling leakage is to alleviate the consequences of dangerous chemical spills. Generally divided into two basic methods, namely physical methods and chemical methods .
    The physical methods are mainly several methods and procedures for narrowing the scope of events such as overflow and leakage. See Table 5 for details. The chemical method refers to the treatment of hazardous chemicals leaked with chemicals. See Table 6 for details.
Table 5 Common physical methods for controlling leaks
    In the process of controlling the leakage, the emergency personnel shall adopt appropriate physical methods and/or chemical methods to control the leakage substances according to the characteristics of the hazardous chemicals. However, personnel safety should always be placed first.
4) Post-disaster disposal
    When the leakage accident is over, the emergency personnel and equipment should be removed after the decontamination area has been completely decontaminated; the fire and decontamination wastewater should be recycled and treated, and then discharged into the wastewater system; all kinds of contaminated waste should be Handled by a professional or agency.
Fourth, summary
    In this issue of compliance interpretation, we have popularized the leakage characteristics of hazardous chemicals, analyzed the causes of leakage of hazardous chemicals, and focused on explaining the leakage disposal procedures for hazardous chemicals.
    However, the best solution for any accident is to prevent it from happening. Therefore, both the enterprise and the regulatory authorities should strengthen the emphasis on hazardous chemicals, develop a sound hazardous chemicals management system and practical management measures to The use of the product is safely implemented to specific positions and responsible persons, and safety management and training are carried out to avoid leakage accidents.
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